2021年度盘点：细胞疗法和基因疗法最重要的发现及进展

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【字体：大中小】 时间：2022年01月06日 来源：精准医疗趋势

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　　2021年，科学家们在基因治疗和细胞治疗领域取得了重大进展。让我们来看看今年在这方面取得的重要进展。

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细胞疗法是指将正常细胞或生物工程细胞移植或输注到患者体内。新输注的细胞可替代受损细胞或具有更强的免疫杀伤功能，从而达到治疗疾病的目的。一般来说，细胞治疗主要包括肿瘤细胞免疫治疗和干细胞治疗。细胞疗法在癌症、血液疾病、心血管疾病、糖尿病和阿尔茨海默病的治疗中具有广阔的前景。

一、肿瘤细胞免疫疗法是指从患者体内获得免疫细胞，然后在体外培养和扩张，然后返回患者体内刺激和增强机体的自身免疫功能来治疗肿瘤，主要包括:过继细胞免疫疗法，肿瘤疫苗和非特异性免疫刺激和免疫检查点阻断疗法。

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过继细胞免疫疗法包括：

肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(TIL)疗法，
TCR-T细胞疗法，CAR-T细胞疗法，
淋巴因子激活杀伤细胞(LAK)疗法，
细胞因子诱导杀伤细胞(CIK)疗法，
树突细胞疗法,
自然杀伤细胞(NK)疗法。

二、干细胞疗法可以利用干细胞的自我更新能力和分化潜能治疗血液系统疾病、神经系统疾病、心血管疾病、肝脏疾病、内分泌疾病等疾病。

基因治疗是指将外源正常基因转移到靶细胞，以纠正或补偿因缺陷和异常基因引起的疾病，达到治疗的目的。

目前基因治疗中所使用的靶基因转移方法可分为两大类:

一、病毒法

二、非病毒法

在病毒的基因转移方法中，RNA和DNA病毒都可以作为基因转移的载体，通常使用逆转录病毒载体和腺病毒载体。

转移的基本过程是将目的基因重组到病毒基因组中，然后用重组病毒感染宿主细胞，使目的基因整合到宿主基因组中。

非病毒方法包括磷酸钙沉淀、脂质体转染和显微注射。

2021年，科学家们在基因治疗和细胞治疗领域取得了重大进展。让我们来看看今年在这方面取得的重要进展。

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